http://www.searchtools.com/info/classifiers.html
Taxonomies, Categorization, Classification, Categories, and Directories
for Searching
The terms taxonomy
, ontology
, directory
,
cataloging
, categorization
and classification
are often confused and used interchangeably. These are all ways of organizing
information (or things or animals) into categories.
There are a number of applications that can help people create taxonomies
and place information objects within their categories, although the amount
of automation can vary. Some programs simply allow anyone to manually add
a URL to a specific category by submitting a site. Others allow human catalogers
to create sophisticated rules to specify certain words and phrases which will
place a page in a category. Others accept a "training set" within
an existing taxonomy, and will place documents in categories based on similarities.
Still others attempt to automate the entire process, grouping pages into topics
based on programmatic evaluation of the contents.
When evaluating these applications, remember that they are simply software.
No matter the elegance of the algorithms, a computer program can never
truly understand
the concepts
involved in a page
, as a human
can do, and will sometimes place pages in the wrong categories. For example,
one very automated system had an "Arts and Humanities" category
which includes links to an Internet services consulting company and a singer-songwriter's
personal home page (along with many more appropriate pages). To serve your
site or intranet users, plan for a significant amount of human cataloging
and editing.
Glossary and Definitions
A directory
is an organized sets of links, like those on Yahoo
or the Open Directory Project, which allows a web site to display the scope
and focus of its content. A directory can cover a single host, a large multi-server
site, an intranet or the Web. At each level, the category names provide
instant context information to users. Rather than a simple list, such as
the results of a search, drilling down into the more and more specific categories
(for example Shopping > Clothing > Footwear > Athletic
)
explains how the pages fit into the larger set of information.
Categorization
is the process of associating a document with
one or more subject categories. So the entry for a page on cross trainer
shoes could go into Running
, Manufacturing
, Sports
Medicine
, or Rushkoff, Douglas
! All of these are legitimate,
depending on the context.
Cataloging
and Classification
come from libraries,
where specialists enter the metadata (such as author, date, title and edition)
for a document, apply subject categories to it, and place it into a class
(such as a call number) for later retrieval. These tend to be used interchangeably
with Categorization.
Clustering
is the process of grouping documents based on similarity
of words, or the concepts in the documents as interpreted by an analytical
engine. These engines use complex algorithms including Natural Language
Processing, Latent Semantic Analysis, Bayesian statistical analysis, and
so on.
A Thesaurus
is a set of related terms describing a set of documents.
This is not hierarchical: it describes the standard terms for concepts in
a controlled vocabulary
. Thesauri include synonyms and more complex
relationships, such as broader or narrower terms, related terms and other
forms of words.
Taxonomy
is the organization of a particular set of information
for a particular purpose. It comes from biology, where it's used to define
the single location for a species within a complex hierarchic. Biologists
have arguments about where various species belong, although DNA analysis
can resolve most of the questions. In informational taxonomies, items can
fit into several taxonomic categories.
Ontology
is the study of the categories of things within
a domain. It comes from philosophy and provides a logical framework for
academic research on knowledge representation. Work on ontologies involves
schema and diagrams for showing relationships in Venn diagrams, trees, lattices
and so on.
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